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Black and minority ethnic (BME) residents of the UK have been disproportionately affected by the pandemic in two distinct ways. First, they have suffered worse health outcomes. On the whole, people of colour have been more likely to contract the virus - and less likely to survive it - than white people. Public Health England has highlighted how a range of factors relating to racism can contribute to these unequal health outcomes. BME people are also more likely to work in frontline, “key worker” roles where they are more exposed to the virus. There could be evidence of discrimination here too. The British Medical Association, for instance, reports that ethnic minority doctors have been disproportionately affected by PPE shortages, speaking to the higher death rate of ethnic minority health and social care workers.
Second, long-standing economic inequalities between white and BME Britons - themselves a consequence of historical and present-day racism - have been exacerbated by the downturn. Αnalysis from IPPR has found that ethnic minority people were more likely to face problem debt and unemployment as a result of Covid-19. Worse still, ethnic minority households have far less wealth, on average, to weather economic hardship - Black and Bangladeshi households, for instance, have 10p for every £1 of White British wealth.
Research from IPPR and Runnymede Trust suggests that the ‘second wave’ of the virus is disproportionately affecting people of colour in a way that cannot be explained by genetics or comorbidities, suggesting that this inequality results from “structural and institutional racism”.
Runnymede Trust’s “The Colour of Money” report provides an overview of racial inequalities within the economy - e.g. in wealth, vulnerability to poverty, and employment - and the structural economic change needed to counter this.
After criticism of their initial report into disparities in Covid-19 risk, Public Health England (PHE) released a report in June 2020 on the impact of Covid-19 on BME communities.
The Marmot Review (2020) provides a longer-term analysis of health inequalities, including their link to racial inequalities.
In its submission to Parliament’s Human Rights Joint Committee Black People, Racism and Human Rights inquiry the Runnymede Trust criticised the lack of equality impact assessment in the response to Covid-19. They point out the failure to publish plans to protect BME lives given their disproportionate vulnerability.
Overlooking the distinct experiences of different minority groups can undermine the effective communication of policy. There is evidence, for instance, that minority communities are less aware of the Government’s Covid-19 public health messaging. The task of communicating this to minority communities has been left to voluntary organisations, undermining the overall pandemic response.
The Intersecting Inequalities project and the Equality and Human Rights Commission’s report on tax and welfare reforms both found post-2010 economic policy to have disproportionately impacted ethnic minorities, women, disabled people and other discriminated-against groups, exacerbating existing inequalities.
The Women’s Budget Group argues that the Government has fallen short of its Public Sector Equality Duty and outlined how meaningful Equality Impact Assessments can redress.
Good data, broken down by ethnicity and other protected characteristics, is a prerequisite for tackling inequalities. The Runnymede Trust has highlighted the need to disaggregate furlough and redundancy data by ethnicity to monitor the impact of the Government’s Covid-19 response.
Tackling racial inequality is inextricably linked to advancing the welfare of migrants to the UK. Just over half of BME residents of the UK were born overseas. Public attitudes to race and immigration are intimately connected.
Covid-19 has highlighted both the positive contribution migrants make to society and the challenges that they face. Migrants are disproportionately likely to work in key worker roles. Around 20% of care workers are foreign nationals, the majority from outside the EU. Many of these roles are less well paid.
Often migrants have restricted access to public services and financial support. They pay twice for the NHS through their taxes and the NHS surcharge. They face significant barriers to care despite their outsized contribution to the UK's health and care systems.
In their report Access Denied: The Human Impact of the Hostile Environment IPPR provides a survey of the impact of the UK’s approach to migration on wider racial discrimination, housing, health, and vulnerability to violence.
The Women’s Budget Group analyses the effects of the pandemic on migrants and call for the end of the “no recourse to public funds” policy, which prevents many migrants from accessing social security.
The Joint Council for the Welfare of Immigrants (JCWI) published a report looking at “the lives of undocumented people in the UK and a new campaign for simple, workable reforms that could break the cycle of insecure immigration status”.